Metrology / CMM

Metrology is simply the scientific study of measurement and covers a multitude of instruments used in quality control departments. Many of these instruments use optical or camera systems and require calibration artefacts to ensure they are measuring correctly. For traceability these calibration artefacts are often supplied with certificates of calibration that are traceable to international standards, such as ISO 17025.

CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) 

Refers to the use of high-precision machines to measure the geometry and dimensions of physical parts using either touch probes or optical systems to locate points of interest. Systems are available which measure in 2D XY or 3D XYZ.

CMM’s are used to ensure manufactured products meet design specifications for quality in industries like aerospace, automotive, and medical. CMMs use probes or optical systems that move manually or via computer (CNC) to map an object's shape, providing superior accuracy, speed, and reduced human error compared to manual methods, and are crucial for quality assurance.
 
Systems using optical or camera based systems to locate or measure features will require a calibration artefact to ensure that the measurements are correct, and to give traceability of those measurements.

Hardness Testers

As their name suggests, measure the hardness of materials using various methods such as Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell and Knoop.
In general, these hardness testers use a reflected light optical system and will require a suitable calibration slide to verify measurements.